Ascension (also known as Pigbrook) is a small community located mainly on Route 160 from 3 miles NE of Tignish. Ascension is within the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, in Eastern Canada.
The community is home to Harper’s Brook, a tributary to the Tignish River, which runs from Tignish to DeBlois. It is home to approximately 130 people.
The name “Ascension” is believed to have come from the Christian doctrine account of the Ascension of Jesus after his death. The name may also be derived from the fact that the Ascension road ascends, from its starting point at Tignish to its finish in Nail Pond.
v•d•e
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This Prince Edward Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension,_Prince_Edward_Island”
Categories: Communities in Prince County, Prince Edward Island | Prince Edward Island geography stubs
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This page was last modified on 23 December 2009 at 21:36.
(Redirected from Hyla arianae)
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Aplastodiscus ehrhardti
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Amphibia
Order:
Anura
Family:
Hylidae
Genus:
Aplastodiscus
Species:
A. ehrhardti
Binomial name
Aplastodiscus ehrhardti
(Muller, 1924)
Synonyms
Hyla arianae Cruz & Peixoto, 1985
Aplastodiscus ehrhardti is a species of frog in the Hylidae family. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
Garcia, P., Segalla, M.V. &Silvano, D. 2004. Aplastodiscus ehrhardti. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
This Hylidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplastodiscus_ehrhardti”
Categories: IUCN Red List least concern species | Aplastodiscus | Hylidae stubs
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This page was last modified on 4 August 2009 at 14:48.
Serradilla del Arroyo is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 394 inhabitants.
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and León” src=”http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bandera_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n.svg/50px-Bandera_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n.svg.png” width=”50″ height=”38″ class=”thumbborder” />
(Redirected from Kenneth Todd Ham)
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Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Ham”
Categories: 1964 births | American astronauts | Living people | Naval Postgraduate School alumni | United States Naval Academy graduates
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This page was last modified on 31 December 2009 at 06:37.
Annianus of Alexandria or Annianos was a monk who flourished in Alexandria during the bishopric of Theophilus of Alexandria around the beginning of the fifth century. He criticized the world history of his contemporary monk Panodorus of Alexandria for relying too much on secular sources rather than biblical sources for his dates.
As a result, Annianus developed his own chronology which placed Creation on 25 March 5492 BC. This created the Alexandrian Era whose first day was the first day of the proleptic Alexandrian civil year in progress, 29 August 5493 BC. This year was eleven Paschal cycles of 532 years each before the Alexandrian year beginning 29 August 360, which itself was four 19-year cycles after the epoch of the Diocletian Era on 29 August 284. The former is known as the Era of Grace in the Coptic Church, whereas the latter is known as the Era of Martyrs. He was the first computist to recognize the 532-year cycle of Easters in the Julian calendar. This cycle is often attributed to Victorius of Aquitaine in 457, the first to recognize such a cycle in the West.
None of Annianus’ writings has survived; he is known only from the discussion of his works by George Syncellus during the ninth century.
References
William Adler. Time immemorial: archaic history and its sources in Christian chronography from Julius Africanus to George Syncellus. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, c1989.
William Adler, Paul Tuffin, translators. The chronography of George Synkellos: a Byzantine chronicle of universal history from the creation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Synkellos copied large blocks of text written by Annianus.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annianus_of_Alexandria”
Categories: Byzantine theologians | Byzantine historians | 5th-century historians | 5th-century Byzantine people | Egyptian Christian monks
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This page was last modified on 2 October 2009 at 06:43.
Sir David Webster (3 July 1903 - 9 May 1971) was the chief executive of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, from 1945 to 1970. He played a key part in the establishment of the Royal Ballet and Royal Opera companies.
Contents
1Early life
2Royal Opera House, Covent Garden
3References
4Notes
Early life
David Webster was born in Dundee. When he was ten the family moved to Liverpool, where Webster was educated at the Holt High School and the University of Liverpool, where he graduated in economics in 1924. He joined a local department store, Lewis’s, where he rose swiftly to become General Manager of the group’s smaller Liverpool store, the Bon Marché, and then of the main Lewis’s store in 1939. In 1931 while on business for Lewis’s he met his life-long partner, James Cleveland Belle, who became a successful businessman.
In his spare time Webster engaged in amateur theatricals, becoming a leading figure in an influential Liverpool group, the Sandon Society. Recognising that his looks and stature were not those of a potential star Webster resisted the temptation to pursue a professional theatrical career, but through the Sandon Society met many leading figures in the theatre, ballet and music. He became a prominent member of the management committee of the Liverpool Philharmonic Society, and in 1940 was appointed its chairman.
At the outbreak of the Second World War there had been pressure to suspend the orchestra’s concerts. Webster strongly resisted it, insisting that music was an essential morale-booster. He set up low-priced concerts for factory workers and members of the armed forces. Webster was fortunate in recruiting Malcolm Sargent as chief conductor, since whatever orchestral players thought of Sargent (his nickname ‘Flash Harry’ was not originally an affectionate one), he was immensely popular with the public. Guest conductors included Sir Henry Wood and Charles Münch. Wartime disbanding of other orchestras enabled Webster and Sargent to recruit leading British players such as Anthony Pini and Reginald Kell, with the result that for a few years the Liverpool Philharmonic had a strong claim to be the finest orchestra in the country, until Walter Legge set up the Philharmonia after the war. During Webster’s time as chairman, the orchestra increased its concerts from 32 a year to 148 and became a permanent body for the first time.
Royal Opera House, Covent Garden
During the war the Royal Opera House had been converted into a dance hall. The music publishers Boosey & Hawkes acquired the lease of the building in 1944 and proposed to re-establish opera and ballet there. Webster was invited to become chief executive (under the title General Administrator, which he used throughout his tenure).
Before the war there had been no permanent company at Covent Garden. Sir Thomas Beecham, as proprietor, had staged annual seasons, with international stars on stage and his own London Philharmonic Orchestra in the pit. The post-war régime was to be much less starry. The new Chairman of Covent Garden, the economist John Maynard Keynes, agreed with Leslie Boosey and Ralph Hawkes that a permanent ensemble was needed, and that it had to be run by a businessman. Webster’s selection was driven by two key facts: firstly, he was successful as a retailer with a well developed sense of what his customers wanted and how he could give it to them; secondly, he had demonstrated his strength in arts administration. Beecham, furious at his exclusion, waged an intermittent campaign against Webster and all his works throughout the 1950s, though he conducted one of the earliest operatic furores of Webster’s reign, Die Meistersinger, in 1951.
Webster’s priority on the ballet side was to persuade the Sadler’s Wells Ballet to take up residence at Covent Garden. This was successfully achieved. On the operatic side, Webster had to create a new company from scratch. He appointed as musical director an efficient but unstarry conductor, Karl Rankl, a pupil of Schoenberg and Webern, who trained a new chorus and orchestra. British singers were recruited for as many leading roles as possible, and the policy of the house was that operas should be sung in English.
The Royal Opera House was re-opened under Webster’s direction on 20 February 1946 with a production of The Sleeping Beauty designed by Oliver Messel.
The history of the Royal Opera House for the rest of Webster’s management was of gradual improvement from its early impoverished and provincial image to international importance as one of the top opera houses of the world. The ballet, under the rule of Ninette de Valois, aided by Frederick Ashton, went from strength to strength: by 1957 the company had been granted the title of ‘The Royal Ballet’; in the 1960s the partnership of Margot Fonteyn and Rudolf Nureyev elevated the company to international notice.
Operatically, Webster’s task was both harder and less predictable. He reluctantly recognised that international singers could not be asked to relearn their roles in English, and that opera at the highest level must therefore be sung in the original language. His appointment of Karl Rankl as the first musical director was controversial and drew criticism from the musical establishment of the day, not least from Beecham, Barbirolli, Sargent, Albert Coates and Stanford Robinson. However, with twenty years’ experience in European opera houses, Rankl’s strengths in training the chorus and orchestra could be put to good use. In the 1950s Webster had a succession of failed attempts to find a top flight musical director for the opera company. Between 1951 and 1955, and again between 1958 and 1961, the company was without a musical director. Erich Kleiber and Rudolf Kempe made guest appearances but declined the permanent post. Rafael Kubelík accepted, but was not seen at the time as an unqualified success.
Among key opera productions, the première of Benjamin Britten’s Gloriana in 1953 was not well received, but among the productions that assured the Royal Opera House an international success were the first nearly-complete performances at any opera house of Berlioz’s The Trojans in 1957, the Luchino Visconti production of Verdi’s Don Carlos which marked the centenary of the present-day house in 1958, and the Franco Zeffirelli production of Puccini’s Tosca with Maria Callas and Tito Gobbi in 1964.
The appointment of Georg Solti as musical director in 1961 may be taken to mark the beginning of the opera company’s rise to international status. The Gramophone magazine said of Webster:
Webster was created K.C.V.O. in 1960. Almost his final act as General Administrator was to appoint, from Autumn 1971, Colin Davis as musical director. Webster retired in 1970, after a farewell gala, for which Britten composed a fanfare. He was succeeded by his deputy, John Tooley.
Away from the opera house, Webster’s musical tastes were wide: ‘he could discourse on everything from the Beatles through Ellington to Toscanini’.
Webster died in Brighton at the age of 67, less than a year after his retirement.
References
Blyth, Alan, Obituary notice in The Gramophone, July 1971, p 171.
Donaldson, Frances, The Royal Opera House in the Twentieth Century, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1988.
Haltrecht, Montague,The Quiet Showman: Sir David Webster and the Royal Opera House, Collins, London, 1975 ISBN 0-00-211163-2
Lebrecht, Norman, Covent Garden: The Untold Story: Dispatches from the English Culture War, 1945-2000, Northeastern University Press, 2001.
Rosenthal, Harold, Opera at Covent Garden, A Short History, Victor Gollancz, London, 1967.
Tooley, John, In House: Covent Garden, Fifty Years of Opera and Ballet, Faber and Faber, London, 1999.
Thubron, Colin (text) and Boursnell, Clive (photos), The Royal Opera House Covent Garden, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1982.
Notes
^ Haltrecht, p.26/39
^ Haltrecht, p.35/48
^ Haltrecht, p.48
^ Haltrecht, p.51
^ Haltrecht, p.57
^ Haltrecht, ch.IV
^ Haltrecht, p. 68
^ Haltrecht, ch. XXI
^ Haltrecht, ch. XVI
^ Haltrecht, ch. XX
^ ab The Gramophone
^ Haltrecht, p.302
^ Haltrecht, p.305
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Webster_(opera_manager)”
Categories: Opera managers | 1903 births | 1971 deaths
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This page was last modified on 20 June 2009 at 17:45.
Omne Datum Optimum (Latin for “Every perfect gift”, a quotation from the Epistle of James) was a Papal Bull issued by Pope Innocent II in 1139 that initially endorsed the Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Knights Templar), in which the Templar Rule was officially approved, and papal protection given. Additionally, Omne Datum Optimum promised all spoils from Muslim conquest to the Order, and made the Order exempt from tithes and taxes.
Although Omne Datum Optimumwas an unusual bull in and of itself, it was followed by Pope Celestine II’s Milites Templi in 1144 and Pope Eugene III’s Militia Dei in 1145, which together gave the Templars an extraordinary range of rights and privileges. Among other things, the Order was permitted to build its own churches, bury their dead on those church grounds and collect taxes on Templar properties once a year. The unique cemeteries constructed by the Templars proved to be extremely controversial.
External links
Omne Datum Optimum- original Latin text with translation
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omne_Datum_Optimum”
Categories: Knights Templar | 1139 works | 12th-century papal bulls
Coordinates: other data for this location”>51°29?2?N0°13?27?W? / ?51.48389°N 0.22417°W? / 51.48389; -0.22417
The River Café is a restaurant in the Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, London, England, specializing in Italian cuisine. It is owned and run by chefs Rose Gray and Ruth Rogers.
Located on the north bank of the Thames in Hammersmith (nearest railway station is Hammersmith tube station), in the former Duckhams oil storage facility modified by architect Lord Rogers, the husband of Ruth Rogers. Opened in 1987 as the employee café of the architectural partnership, there is a garden with views of the River Thames.
River Café brought to London the flavours of Italian home cooking with an emphasis on the finest ingredients, and an all-Italian wine list. The restaurant also brought to London a modern, open-plan kitchen and dining room with a buzzy atmosphere. “Sourcing, sourcing, sourcing” is the mantra of Rogers and Gray. Menus are tweaked constantly (sometimes twice a day) to respond to the seasons and what is best in the market, with simplicity the key. Signature dishes include: wild mushroom risotto; Dover sole and John Dory smoked in the restaurant’s own wood stove; and rich Italian desserts including lemon almond cake or the chocolate “Nemesis” cake.
The restaurant earned a Michelin star in 1998 and is critically acclaimed, although sometimes criticised for aggressive pricing.
Gray and Rogers have written six highly successful cookbooks, including Italian Easy and The London River Café Cook Book. Their first book, Italian Country Cookbook won both the Glenfiddich Award for Food Book of the Year and the BCA Illustrated Book of the Year Awards. Rogers and Gray have since presented a 12-part series for Channel 4, The Italian Kitchen.
The River Cafe is also notable for the number of successful chefs that have trained in its kitchens. These include Sam and Sam Clark of Moro, Ed Baines of Randall & Aubin, April Bloomfield of the Spotted Pig (in New York) and celebrity chefs Jamie Oliver and Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall.
In 2008, the Cafe was temporarily closed following a fire in the kitchen on Saturday 5th April. According to the Sunday Mirror’s web site, the fire began around 7:30 in the evening and took two hours to bring under control. The article said that around 10% of the ground floor was gutted. It re-opened in autumn 2008 following a major refurbishment which included a fully exposed open-plan kitchen dominated by a wood-fired oven, a new private room & generally spruced-up surroundings.
Ruth Rogers and Rose Gray each were named in the 2010 New Year’s Honours List as Members of the British Empire (MBE) with the citation “for services to the Hospitality Industry”.
Rose Gray and Ruth Rogers - The River Café Cook Book (Ebury Press, 1996) ISBN 0091812550
External links
The River Café website
independent review follow renovation
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River_Caf%C3%A9_(London)”
Categories: Restaurants in London | Buildings and structures in Hammersmith and Fulham | Michelin Guide starred restaurants and chefs | Italian restaurants
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This page was last modified on 31 December 2009 at 19:34.
The Rohilla (Urdu: ??????, Hindi: ??????) are a community of Urdu speaking Pashtun also known as Pathan, historically found in the state of Uttar Pradesh, in North India. Many are now also found in Pakistan. They form one of the largest Pashtun diaspora community in India, and have give their name to the Rohilkhand region.
Contents
1Origin
2History
2.1Following the Battle of Panipat in 1761
3Rulers of Rohilkhand
4Other Rohilla notables
5Present circumstances
5.1In India
5.2In Pakistan
6The Pathans population of Rohilkhand
6.1Western Rohilkhand
6.2Eastern Rohilkhand
7See also
8References
9Further reading
10External links
Origin
The Rohilla are descended from a number of Pashtun tribes that settled in the Rohilkhand region the 17th and 18th Centuries.They Rohillas belonged mainly to Yousafzai tribe of Pashtuns, of Mandanh sub-section but other Pashtuns also became part of the community. Rohilla’s Sardar like Daud Khan, Ali Muhammad Khan, and legend Hafiz Rehmat Khan were from renowned Afghan Tribe Barech, originally from Kandahar Province. The term Rohilla was used for all Pashtuns, except for the Shia Bangashes who settled in the Rohilkhand region, or men serving under Rohilla chiefs . They were awarded the Katehr region in the then northern India by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir (ruled 1658-1707) to suppress Rajput uprisings. Originally, some 20,000 Soldiers from Pashtun Tribes ( Yusafzais, Ghoris, Lodis, Ghilzai, Barech, Marwat, Durrani, Tanoli, Tarin, Kakar, Khattak, Afridi and Baqarzai ) were hired by Mughals to suppress Rajputs, Marathas and Sikhs but later, as their loyalty & bravery was appreciated by Aurangzeb Alamgir, an additional force of 25,000 men was given respected positions in Mughal Army. However most of them settled in the Katehar region during Nadir Shah’s invasion of northern India in 1739 increasing their population up to 100,0000. Due to the large settlement of Rohilla Afghans, the Katehar region gained fame as Rohilkhand. Bareilly was made the capital of the Rohilkhand state. Other important cities were Moradabad, Rampur, Shahjahanpur, Badaun, and others. According to 1901 census of India, the total Pathan population in Bareilly District was 40,779, out of a total population of 1,090,117. Their principal clans were the Yusafzais, Ghoris, Lodis, Ghilzai, Barech, Marwat, Durrani, Tanoli, Tarin, Kakar, Khattak, Afridi and Baqarzai.
This region is nowadays located in modern Uttar Pradesh state of India, and still home to a significant Rohilla population, although many Rohillas did emigrate to Pakistan, after the independence in 1947.
Rohillas were distinguished by their separate language and culture. They spoke Pashto among each other but gradually lost their language over time and now converse in Urdu. After independence of Pakistan in 1947, most Rohillas moved to Karachi in Pakistan with smaller scattered populations still to be found in Burma, Suriname and Guyana.
A significant number of Urdu Speakers (Muhajir) in Pakistan are of Pashtun heritage.
History
The founders of the Pashtun state of Rohilkhand were Daud Khan and his adopted son Ali Mohammed Khan. Daud Khan arrived in 1705 in South Asia along with a band of his tribe namely Barech a Pushtoon tribe. He was succeeded in 1721 by Ali Mohammed Khan, who became so powerful that he refused to send tax revenues to the central governament. Safdar Jang, the Nawab of Oudh, warned Mughal emperor Mohammed Shah of the growing power of the Rohillas. This caused Mohammed Shah to send an expedition against him as a result of which he surrendered to imperial forces. He was taken to Delhi as a prisoner, but was later pardoned and appointed governor of Sirhind. In 1748, he returned to Rohilkhand and recovered his lost possessions. Later that year Ali Mohammed Ali Khan died, leaving six sons. However, two of his elder sons were in Afghanistan at the time of his death while the other four were too young to assume the leadership of Rohilkhand. As a result, power transferred to other Rohilla Sardars, the most important being Hafiz Rahmat Khan and Dundi Khan.
Following the Battle of Panipat in 1761
In the third battle of Panipat (1761) one of the Rohilla Sardars, Najib-ul-Daula, allied himself with Ahmad Shah Abdali against the Marathas. He not only provided 40,000 Rohilla troops but also 70 guns to combined forces. He also convinced Shuja-ul-Daula, the Nawab of Oudh, to join Ahmad Shah Abdali’s forces against the Marathas. In this battle, the Maratha’s were defeated and as a consequence Rohilla increased in power.
Rohilkhand was invaded by the Marathas to retaliate against the Rohillas’ participation in the Panipat war. The Marathas entered the jagir (land) of the late Sardar Najib-ud-Daula which was now held by his son Zabita Khan. Zabita Khan gave tough resistance but was defeated and forced to flee to the camp of Shuja-ud-Daula; and his country was ravaged by Marathas. The principal remaining Rohilla Sardar was Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech and through him an agreement was formed with the Nawab of Oudh, Shuja-ud-Daula, by which they had to pay 4 million rupees in return to their military help against the Marathas. However after the war, the Rohillas refused to pay.
Subsequently the Rohillas were attacked by Oudh with help from British East India Company forces. When Hafiz Rahmat Khan was killed, in April 1774, they were defeated, and Rohilkhand was plundered.
Rohillas fled to jungles across the Ganges, and later began a guerilla war against the occupation. In response, the Rohillas were hunted down by the British and were subsequently scattered in the countryside, and settled in many small towns. Later charges of destroying a nation (ethnic cleansing or genocide) were brought against Warren Hastings of the East India Company, by Edmund Burke, later taken up by Thomas Babington Macaulay.
The Rohillas took an active part in War of Independence in 1857 against British imperial forces (referred to as the Mutiny by the British historians, or the War of Independence). The revolt was bitterly suppressed, and in its wake the British dramatically reorganized the government of South Asia, bringing an end to the British East India Company’s regime and leading to almost a century of direct rule of the South Asia by Britain under the British Raj. A significant groups of Rohillas sought refuge in state of Tonk in Rajasthan, which was ruled by Pathan nawabs, and now form the core of the Tonkia Pathans.
Rulers of Rohilkhand
Nawabs of Rampur
Name
Reign Began
Reign Ended
1
Ali Muhammad Khan
1719
15 September 1748
2
Faizullah Khan
15 September 1748
24 July 1793
3
Hafiz Rahmat Khan - Regent
15 September 1748
23 April 1774
4
Muhammad Ali Khan Bahadur
24 July 1793
11 August 1793
5
Ghulam Muhammad Khan Bahadur
11 August 1793
24 October 1794
6
Ahmad Ali Khan Bahadur
24 October 1794
5 July 1840
7
Nasrullah Khan - Regent
24 October 1794
1811
8
Muhammad Said Khan Bahadur
5 July 1840
1 April 1855
9
Yusef Ali Khan Bahadur
1 April 1855
21 April 1865
10
Kalb Ali Khan Bahadur
21 April 1865
23 March 1887
11
Muhammad Mushtaq Ali Khan Bahadur
23 March 1887
25 February 1889
12
Hamid Ali Khan Bahadur
25 February 1889
20 June 1930
14
Regent
25 February 1889
4 April 1894
15
Raza Ali Khan Bahadur
20 June 1930
6 March 1966
16
Murtaza Ali Khan Bahadur - Nawabat abolished in 1971
6 March 1966
8 February 1982
17
Zulfikar Ali Khan Bahadur
8 February 1982
5 April 1992
18
Muhammad Kazim Ali Khan Bahadur
5 April 1992
Incumbent
Other Rohilla notables
Nawab Amir Khan of Tonk
Nawab Faizullah Khan Rohilla
General Bakht Khan
The 9th Prince
Mohammed Ali Jauhar
Maulana Shaukat Ali
Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
Khan Bahadur Khan Rohilla
Najib-ud-daula
Hafiz Rahmat Khan
Ali Mohammad Khan Rohilla
Shadab khan rohilla
AinulHaq Rohilla
General Akhtar Abdur Rehman
General Rahimuddin Khan
Princess Wafa Rohillah
Princess Tanweer Mohammed Mohammed Rohillah
Present circumstances
The independence of Pakistan and India in 1947 had a profound effect on the Rohilla community. A good number of them emigrated to Pakistan. Those left in India, were profoundly effected by the abolishment of the zamindari system in 1949, as well as the ascension of the State of Rampur to India. The two Rohilla groupings, the Pakistani and Indian now form distinct communities, with their own identities.
In India
The Rohilla now form of the larger Pathan community of Uttar Pradesh (UP). They now speak chaste Urdu in the towns, and speak Khari boli in their rural settlements. They are found through out Uttar Pradesh, with settlements in Farrukhabad, Malihabad, and Rohilkhand being the densest.
The Pathan of UP have sixteen sub- groups, the Afridi,Tanoli, Bakarzai, Barech, Daudzai, Marwat, Durrani, Ghorghushti, Ghori, Kakar, Khalil, Lohi, Mohmand, Mohammadzai, Orakzai, Rohilla and Yousafzai, all of which are well know Pashtun tribes. In older parts of the Muslim areas of the towns in UP, the Pathan have maintained their own residential neighbourhoods. The Pathan are not an edogamous group, and arranged marriages do occur with other Sunni Muslim communities of similar social status, such as the Mughal, Muslim Rajput and Shaikh Siddiqui although there is still a preference of marriage with in the community. In Rohilkhand, they are still a community associated with agriculture, having historically been a community of land owners. They have also been prominent in the Muslim religious sphere in UP, having produced many Alims and Huffaz and have built and financed many Mosques and Madrassahs. In terms of formal education, they are seen as a Muslim community that has a favourable attitude towards education, and many are now in professional occupations, such as medicine and the law.. However , the traditional occupation of the Rohilla Pathans was soldiering , and many served in the Mughal, British and Pakistani armies. Many Rohilla officers who worked in the British Army in the 1940s shifted to Pakistan , famous among them are General Rahimuddin Khan and General Akhtar Abdur Rahman.
In Pakistan
In Pakistan, the Rohilla and other Urdu speaking Pathans now form part of the larger Muhajir community. A sense of corporate identity is much weaker than in India, and degree of intermarriage with other communities with in the Muhajir umbrella is high. They are found mainly in Karachi, Hyderabad and Sukkur, and other urban areas of Sindh.. They are highly discriminated in Pakistan and finally formed their own political association joining MQM in huge numbers.
The Pathans population of Rohilkhand
Regions of Uttar Pradesh
Rohilkhand, which literally means the land of the Rohila, comprises the modern districts of Bijnor, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly, Badaun, Shahjahanpur and Pilibhit in Uttar Pradesh. The Rohila Pathans are found all over the region, but are concentrated in Shahjahanpur, Bareilly and Rampur.
Western Rohilkhand
Starting from the west, the Pathan population of Bijnor District, in 1901 was 11,606. They were concentrated in Najibabad tehsil, particularly in and around Nagina. Many different Pathan tribes are found in the district, and according 1901 census of India the largest clans were the Yousafzai, who numbered 3,160, Kakars, chiefly in Najibabad, numbered 548, Lodis numbered 414, Mohammadzai, Ghori and Bangash each numbered more than 200. The other clans were the Sherwani and Barukhel.
In Moradabad District, the Pathan population was 23,026 in 1901, and who for the most part represented descendents of the various Pashtun settlers who arrived at the height of the Rohila state. This district was home to the jagirdar families of Hasanpur and Bachhroan, while the Pathan population is concentrated in Bilari and Sambhal. The chief Pathan clans, according to the 1901 census, were the Yousafzais (5,851), Ghori (4,043) and Lodis (2,289) all found through out the district, the Dilazak (1,036) who are found in Sambhal, Bilari and Hasanpur, and Mohammadzai (1,029) in Thakurdwara. Other clans include the Bangash,Tareen, Khattak and Ghilzais are found in Sambhal, and the Farzandkhel, Bunerwal, Barech and Tareen in Bilari and Amroha. This district is also home to a small number of Pathan Khanzada, who are Rajput converts to Islam.
In Badaun District, the total Pathan population according to the 1901 Census of India was 29,023. They are strongest in Bisauli and Sahaswan tehsils. There main sub-divisions are the Ghoris, who numbered 6,848 in 1901, and are found mainly in Bisauli, the Yousafzai, who numbered 2,547, are found mainly in Badaun. Others, whose numbers exceeded 500, are the Bangash, Mohammadzai, Dilazak and Khattak, the last of whom numbered 752. The Khatak are found mainly in Dataganj, as are the Bangash, while the Dilazak are almost confined to Sahaswan. The district was home to the Pathan jagirdars of Shabazpur, who were one of the largest landowners in the district.
Eastern Rohilkhand
The Pathans, according to the 1901 Census of India, numbered 49,280. They are for the most part descended from the Pashtun adventurers that settled in Rampur during the period of the Nawabs of Rampur. The most numerous clans are the Yousafzai and Barakzai-Durani. There are also a large number of Khattak, Mohammadzai, Bunerwal, Afridi, Shinwari, Bangash and Barech. A small number of the Rampur Pathan were Athna ashri Shia, as distinct from the great majority, who follow the Sunni Hanafi Barelvi sect.
The district of Bareilly in home the greatest number of Pathans in Rohilkhand. This district contains the two capitals of the old Rohilla kingdom, and many Pasthun were settled in the region by both Ali Mohammed Khan and Hafiz Rahmat Khan. In 1901, the total Pathan population was 40,779, almost 10% of the total population of the district. Nearly half the population reside in Bareilly tehsil, while the rest are found mainly in Baheri, Aonla and Nawabganj. There main clans are the Yousafzai (6,578), Ghori (3,285), Lodis (1,520), found throughout the district, the Mohammadzai (1,576) and Bangash (1,287) found mainly in Nawabganj and Aonla, while the Barech, the tribe of Hafiz Rahmat Khan make a significant part of the city of Bareilly’s Pathan population. The other clans in the district include the Afridi, Baqarzai, Ghilzai, Dilazak, Kakar, Khattak and Tareen.
In Pilibhit District, the Pathan population numbered 13,165 in 1901. They are found throughout the district, with Puranpur, being a stronghold of the community. The larger clans are the Yousafzai (2,013) and Ghori (1,242) found mainly in Pilibhit, Lodis and Mohammadzai in Puranpur, and Khattaks in Bisalpur. Other clans include the Barakzai-Durani, Ghilzai, Afridis and Baqarzai-Durani. In Puranpur, there are a fair number of Gawal Pathans, who are not found in any other district.
In Shahjahanpur District, the total population according to the 1901 Census of India was 41,137. More than half of the Pathans reside in Shahjahanpur tehsil. The Ghori are strongest in Shahjahanpur and Pawayan, while the Yousafzai were represented in Tilhar. Next came the Dilazak in Tilhar and Shahjahanpur, Bangash in Jalalabad, the Mohammadzais in Shahjahanpur, the Tareen also in Shahjahanpur and finally the Barakzai-Durani in Shahjahanpur. Shahjahanpur District is also the principal settlement of the Mohmand tribe in Uttar Pradesh, and 1901 there numbered 1,891. Other clans in the district included the Amazai-Jadoon, Khalil, Daudzai, Marwat and Baqarzai-Durani. The city of Shajahanpur is also home to a large community of Pathan-Khanzada, who are basically descendents of Rajputs of various clans, who accepted Islam.
See also
Pashtun tribes
Pashtun diaspora
References
^ People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII edited by A Hasan & J C Das Manohar Publications
^ An Eighteenth Century History Of North India: An Account Of The Rise And Fall Of The Rohilla Chiefs In Janbhasha By Rustam Ali Bijnori by Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui Manohar Publications
^ Imperial Gazetteer of India by W M Hunter
^ The Afghan Muslims of Guyana and Suriname
^Nawab was the title of notables during the Mughal era in India, who helped the central authority govern different statelets within the South Asia. During the British period, new nawabs were created because of the allocation of arable land to the pro-British elite
^ Mohammad Shah (1702 – 1748) was a Mughal emperor of Mughal empire between 1719 and 1748
^ Ahmad Shah Abdali (d.1772) adopted the title of Durr-i Dowran (pearl of pearls), which gave the name to the dynasty he established, the Durrani, which lasted in Afghanistan until 1973
^ People of India Rajasthan Volume XXXVIII Part Two edited by B.K Lavania, D. K Samanta, S K Mandal & N.N Vyas pages 747 to 749 Popular Prakashan
^ People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three Amir Hasaan, B R Rizvi and J C Das editors pages 1138-1141 Manohar publications
^ A People of Migrants: Ethnicity, State and Religion in Karachi by Oskar Verkaik
^ A Gazetteer of Bijnor District by H Neville page 104
^ A Gazetteer of Moradabad District by H Neville page 78
^ A Gazetteer of Badaun District by H Neville page 79
^ A Gazetteer of Rampur State edited by H. R Neville page 48 Government Press United Provinces
^ A Gazetteer of Bareilly District by H Neville page 92
^ A Gazetteer of Pilibhit District by H Neville page 95
^ Shahjahanpur District: A Gazetteer Volume XVII edited by H. R Neville United Provinces District Gazetteers page 81 Government Press United Provinces
Further reading
GULISTÁN-I RAHMAT OF NAWÁB MUSTAJÁB KHÁN.
Hastings and the Rohilla War by John Strachey Author(s) of Review: Sidney James Owen The English Historical Review, Vol. 8, No. 30 (Apr., 1893), pp. 373-380
External links
History of Rohilla (in Hindi)
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohilla”
Categories: British rule in India | Mughal Empire | Maratha Empire | History of medieval India | History of Pakistan | History of Uttar Pradesh | Rohilla | Pashtun people | Islam in India | Pashtun tribes | Ethnic groups in Pakistan | Punjabi tribes | Muslim communities of India | Social groups of Uttar Pradesh | Muhajir communities
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